Can I Avoid Probate by Placing My Child on Title to my Assets?
In California, there are some very good reasons for avoiding the probate administration process. My three favorite reasons include (i) the cost; (ii) the time involved; and (iii) the public nature of the proceedings. For most estates, probate administration costs generally run from four to eight percent of the gross value of the estate and frequently take at least eight months to complete. To avoid these problems, some individuals engaged in what I affectionately refer to as ‘backyard’ estate planning. With respect to many assets, this involves using joint tenancy, which avoids the probate administration system (you can find a list of other probate avoidance devices here). Often I am asked whether this is a reasonable solution to avoid probate but avoid the cost of preparing an estate plan. In most circumstances, my answer to the question is a resounding “no”.
Under California law, joint tenancy includes what is referred to as the “right of survivorship” which means that when one tenant passes away, the asset transfers to the surviving tenant by operation of law. With a bank account, a surviving tenant can present a death certificate to the financial institution and remove the surviving tenant from the joint tenancy account. With real estate, the surviving tenant executes a form known as an affidavit of death of joint tenant which then places title solely in the name of the survivor. While these devices can work well with domestic partners or married couples (who are also bound by family law), they often fail when used with other parties such as children. In fact, using joint tenancy in these situations often creates more problems than it solves.
With respect to financial accounts, the decision to place another person on the account as a joint tenant grants an ownership interest in the entire account to the new joint tenant. The most obvious risk is that the new joint tenant has ownership over the entire account, and can clean it out almost immediately. While the original owner would have a legal claim against the new joint tenant under these circumstances, often you have to sue the joint tenant and find the missing assets before they will be returned (which is frequently challenging if not impossible in many cases). With respect to real estate, making such a transfer, unless accompanied by separate agreement, is frequently considered an irrevocable transfer. What this means is that if the original owner changes his or her mind about disposition, or wants to sell or refinance the property, the original owner will not be able to do so without the consent of the new tenant.
The Latest Service: a Virtual Safe-Deposit Box?
One frequent issue that arises in both estate planning and estate administration is effective communication. Many individuals are concerned that their beneficiaries will not find their estate plan, asset accounts or important confidential information after their death. Often these individuals don’t want to share their confidential information with their beneficiaries while they are alive, but are concerned that their beneficiaries will not find the information after their death. Conversely, I have encountered numerous heirs and beneficiaries (usually administering probate estates) who are concerned that they might not have located all of the decedent’s assets or accounts.
One company, iGoodBye.com, has harnessed the power of the internet to create a novel solution to the problem of communicating confidential financial information after your death. At iGoodbye, the user creates a private account which can store copies of estate planning documents, financial accounts, passwords and other private, personal information. The user is provided with a password that will allow his or her beneficiaries to access the private information only after the users’ death (your death is verified with a death certificate). The user is given the security of knowing that all of their information is stored in one central location but accessible by their beneficiaries only after their passing. Essentially, the service appears to be a virtual safe-deposit box for your important estate documents. At this posting, iGoodBye.com service is $29.99 per year and the service can even be used without cost, if the user agrees to charge the annual cost to his or her beneficiaries following the users’ death.
Do You Know Who Will Receive Your Retirement Accounts?
One effective way of avoiding probate is to make use of financial accounts that have a ‘pay-on-death’ feature. This feature, if used properly, allows you to avoid probate and distribute your assets directly to your heirs or loved ones as you designate. Upon your death, the beneficiary simply presents a death certificate to the financial institution and the assets can be paid directly to the beneficiary without having to incur the costs, or experience the delays, of probate administration. But when using these convenient devices, there is always one thing you must keep in mind:
Do you know who your beneficiaries are?
In one case, a son reviewed his late father’s affairs only to discover that his father had only one substantial asset: an IRA account. When reviewing the IRA account, the son discovered for the first time that he was not named as the beneficiary. Who had his father named as his beneficiary? The father’s ex-girlfriend. Worse yet, it was an ex-girlfriend the father had not seen, or had any contact with, for approximately 15 years. It was unlikely that his father wanted to leave this money to his ex-girlfriend and exclude his son but by failing to review his beneficiary designations, this is exactly what happened.
Even When Done Correctly, Managing Finances During Incompetency Can be Challenging
A durable power-of-attorney is designed to allow someone to manage aspects of your life in the event you become incapacitated. For instance, imagine a situation where you had a stroke and could no longer communicate. Who would pay your bills? Who would deal with your insurance? What if you needed to access your IRA account to pay for in-home care? These are the problems that a durable power-of-attorney is designed to address. A power-of-attorney designates an agent (or attorney-in-fact) to make these decisions and manage your life during incapacity. Two recent articles published in the Los Angeles Times, however, illustrate the occasional challenges with powers-of-attorney facing even those who thought they planned properly.
The first article discussed the challenges faced by one couple who, after hiring an attorney to prepare a durable power-of-attorney, presented the document to Boston-based Fidelity Investments, where the couple held their retirement accounts. Despite the fact that the power-of-attorney had been prepared by an attorney, Fidelity initially advised the couple that their retirement plan didn’t have “a power-of-attorney provision.” In other words, Fidelity would not honor the power-of-attorney. Fortunately, Fidelity is reviewing its policy and anticipates being able to accept permanent versions of powers-of-attorney in the next few months.
The Importance of Minimizing Surprises
One of the most critical documents in any estate plan is a health care directive or durable power of attorney. A durable power of attorney allows for the orderly management of your health care when you are unable to speak for yourself. Have you prepared a living will, health care directive or durable power of attorney for medical care?
If you have prepared one or more of these documents, the next issue is: have you shared this document with your loved ones? Do your loved ones know who is empowered to make decisions about your care if you can’t speak for yourself? Do your loved ones have copies of these documents? Do your love ones know where to find these documents?
Experts tell us that some of the most stressful events in life include death of a spouse, death of a close family member and a family member suffering from a major illness. This recent Wall Street Journal article illustrates the importance of being open with your loved ones about your end-of-life decisions. The last thing you want during this critical time is for your family members to fight with each other, or your doctors, when the focus should be caring for you during your time of need.
